On the nature of the interaction of radiationand non-radiation factors of space flight in neurobiological effects in their combined effect on animals in model experiments

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Abstract

Currently, sufficient experimental data have been obtained indicating significant violations of the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) at all levels of its organization caused by exposure to heavy ions in doses comparable to those potentially possible during a Martian mission. An extremely important and, at the same time, the least studied problem is the neurobiological effects of the combined action of ionizing radiation and non-radiative factors of spaceflight, in particular, the most important of them-microgravity. Analyzing the neurobiological effects of the interaction of simulated microgravity (ANS) and ionizing radiation, we found their complex nature: at all levels of the central nervous system organization (from molecular to integrative), both synergistic and antagonistic relationships were observed under the combined in fluence of these factors. The possibility of the antagonistic nature of the interaction of these PCF data was a very unexpected effect that requires further research. It can be concluded that the neurobiological effects of the interaction of ANS and ionizing radiation with their synchronous combined action are complex, which we called interference, by analogy with the physical phenomenon of interference, showing synergistic or antagonistic effects, or the appearance of new effects in relation to behavior, metabolism of monoamines and molecular mechanisms. It is possible that the manifestation of this kind of interaction may lead to the leveling of negative consequences from the effects of these factors.

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About the authors

Andrey S. Shtemberg

Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Acadevie of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: andrei_shtemberg@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8944-0296
Russian Federation, Moscow, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A

Alexander A. Perevezentsev

Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Acadevie of Sciences

Email: perezx@me.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6464-2887
Russian Federation, Moscow, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A

Kseniya B. Lebedeva-Georgievskaya

Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Acadevie of Sciences

Email: kseniagb@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4424-6358
Russian Federation, Moscow, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A

Alexandra G. Belyaeva

Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Acadevie of Sciences

Email: yasya_bi@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4980-6526
Russian Federation, Moscow, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Dynamics of URAI production in ratsunderir radiation at different doses. On the abscissaaxis: A – the averagenumber of reactions, %; B–С – time, s. On the ordinateaxis – the number of combinations. A – the number of conditionally reflexreactions; B – the latent period of UR; C – the time of the reaction of disposal. *p < 0.05.

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3. Fig. 2. A general view of the installation for the study of the neurobiological effects of the synchronous combined action of long-term γ radiation and ANOV in rats. On the right is a rack with hung animal exposed to the combined effects of ANOG and γ radiation; at the top are rats in domestic cage exposed only to γ radiation. On the left is a source of γ radiation; behind it, outside the radiation field, is a rack with rats exposed only to antiortostatic suspension.

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4. Fig. 3. The time of avoiding a closed space in the passive avoidance conditioned reflex test. On the absciss axis is the time of avoidance, s.

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5. Fig. 4. The duration of the rats’ stay in an unfenced area of an elevated cross maze in a 14-day experiment. On the ordinate axis is time, s.

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6. Fig. 5. Indicators of active (A) and passive (B) behavior of rats in the “open field” test in a 14-day experiment. A – the number of exits to the center of the “open field”; B – the number of freezing reactions. Along the ordinate axis is the number of reactions.

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7. Fig. 6. The latent period of rats entering an unfenced area of an elevated cruciform maze in a 14-day experiment. Along the absciss axis is the reaction time, s.

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8. Fig. 7. HPLC analysis of the content of monoamines and their metabolites. A is the content of monoamines and their metabolites. B is the ratio of the metabolite to its neurotransmitter. K – control; S – AnOV; IR – irradiation; S + IR – AnOV + irradiation. The columns show the average value (% of control) + + S.E.M.(%). n(K) = 8; n(S) = 8; n(IR) = 7; n(S + IR) = 8. DA – dopamine; 5-HT – serotonin; 5-HIAA – 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, DOPAC – 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid; HVA – homovaniline acid; PFC – refrontal cortex, RHS – hippocampus, ST – striatum.

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9. Fig. 8. RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA expression level of key proteins involved in monoamine metabolism. A – serotonin receptors. B – dopamine receptors; n(K )= 4; n(S) = 4; n(IR) = 4; (S + IR) = 4. С – enzymes involved in the metabolism of monoamines: catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). D – Na-dependent serotonin transporter (SERT). The columns show the average value (% of control) + S.E.M.(%). n(K) = 7; n(S) = 7; n(IR) = 7; n(S + IR) = 7 for all except “B”.

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