№ 3 (2025)

The article raises the problem of the influence of objective factors on the positions of the national political elite using the example of the UK foreign policy towards Russia. Methodology is based on Soviet and Russian theoretical developments on the relationship between the objective and the subjective in international relations. Using a systemic historical approach and applied political economic analysis, the author identified and studied objective factors such as structural conditions of the world economy and international relations, the position of the UK in them, reflected in the subjective approaches of the party and political elites in Britain. Among them are: foreign economic, foreign policy, socio-economic and military-economic factors. Party political approaches in the context of the 2024 UK parliamentary elections were studied using qualitative content analysis. A comparison is made between the parties’ approaches to interaction with Russia, and the common and the different are highlighted. It is substantiated that the above-mentioned objective factors influence the political space of the UK within which party leaderships formulate their strategies. They are the basis for the UK anti-Russian policy, a long-term basis that mediated the formation of the corresponding foreign policy identity of the British political elites. The research showed that these factors mediated the gradual degradation of Russian-British relations since the mid-2000s. The conclusion is that every British government in the medium term, and probably in the long term, will pursue an anti-Russian policy, but its methods and intensity may differ depending on a particular party ideology.

The special role of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 in the system of international treaties is considered. The historical background of the creation of this regional act of international law and the preparatory work before its discussion at the Antarctic Conference in the United States are analyzed. The main provisions of the Antarctic Treaty are set out, its fundamental differences from other similar agreements are considered, as well as other legal acts regulating state activities in Antarctica and forming the Antarctic Treaty System. The position of Russia in relation to Antarctica in the XXIst century is shown, with an emphasis on the events after the beginning of the Special Military Operation in Ukraine. A conclusion is made about the sustainability of the Treaty System in the modern world and its potential in terms of a multipolar world order.

The modern world is experiencing significant transformations, involving reforms of old institutions and creation of new ones. These changes are accompanied by challenges that lead to conflicts and crises, thereby altering global processes and contributing to the establishment of new norms in international politics. Increasing tensions between major powers, such as Russia and NATO countries, pose a serious threat to global stability and security. Additionally, regional conflicts can influence broader processes by changing the parameters and dynamics of conflicts. In this context, many states are reassessing their foreign policy strategies and alliances. The policy of multilateralism is gaining particular importance as countries strive to maintain independence and sovereignty. Conflicts act as catalysts for rethinking the principles of international relations and developing new mechanisms to ensure global security and stability. This study explores the balancing policies of Egypt and the UAE and their positioning amidst geopolitical upheavals. Both countries, aiming to enhance their sovereignty and global roles, adopt a measured diplomatic approach. They play pivotal roles in regional stability and international relations, actively engaging in alternative associations, such as BRICS+ and the SCO. As key players in Middle Eastern geopolitics and significant regional partners of Russia, Egypt and the UAE have adopted a stance of cautious neutrality. Their increased trade turnover and cooperation with Russia underscore their pragmatic foreign policy, characterized by efforts to balance international relations, avoid over-dependence on any single global power, and safeguard their national and economic interests. The research emphasizes the importance of multilateralism in contemporary international relations and offers an examination of Egypt’s and the UAE’s strategies within the context of global and regional changes.

It is shown that the ideal market model is not a positive model of capitalist society, but an apologetic ideologeme, which, however, can play an important role as a normative ideal of socialism. If a price vector is set in an economic system, it determines the equilibrium state corresponding to it. If this vector is optimal, then the equilibrium state corresponding to it will be optimal. The socialist goal of economic management can be formulated as the approximation of the prices existing in the economic system to the optimal vector. The desired degree of its adjustment can be determined by achieving equality between the marginal costs of market transactions and management. The most successful examples of management are related to cases when the authors of one or another “economic miracle” found a balance between market and planned methods. The search for such an optimal relationship is the task of economics as a science, from the point of view of its social significance.

The study focuses on developing a predictive model to evaluate efficiency of soft behavioral regulation methods (nudging) in public administration. Despite widespread adoption of nudging techniques in government management globally, the research specifically aimed at identifying and assessing criteria for their efficiency remains limited. The paper analyzes existing approaches to evaluating the efficiency of nudging and proposes a new predictive model based on supervised machine learning techniques. The research involves collecting and processing data related to nudging practices in governmental organizations, determining key factors that influence the efficiency of these methods, and building a predictive model using classification algorithms. The resulting model incorporates 15 essential features and achieves the prediction accuracy of 82%. Findings of this study can be applied in both academic research and practical evaluations of nudging implementations in public administration.