Society and Economics

The paper systematizes the concepts of ‘eastern’ and ‘western’ directions of labor immigration to Russia as terms for the conventional designation of migrant flows from poor CIS countries and qualified specialists from other countries, including developed Western ones. The author assesses the analytics of limiting mass migration to host countries; presents estimates of original statistical algorithms; notes historical markers of immigration, the experience of which can be used in the modern immigration model; shows negative trends in the decline in the level of foreign labor and the transformation of labor immigration from Central Asian countries into social (civil), along with the risks associated with the naturalization of new citizens.

The paper examines the global phenomenon of industrial policy securitization in the early 2020s, marked by various countries’ synchronous transition toward technological self-sufficiency/sovereignty in priority sectors (TS course). We show why countries have shifted from economic efficiency priorities to economic security dominance, identify typical common features and national characteristics of the TS course in leading developed and developing economies (USA, EU, China, India, Brazil), as well as reveal these countries’ costs and risks in achieving their goals. Against the backdrop of this global trend, we analyze the Russian TS course specifics under sanctions and demonstrate objective limits for its successful implementation in internal and external contexts. We conclude that the securitization trend will intensify, but the accumulated costs from geopolitical fragmentation of the world economy will eventually return countries to their former economic openness.

The methodological basis for the study of regional business entities’ participation in the ESG agenda and the implementation of national projects was the concept of sustainable development and resource theory. According to the results of a survey of 208 respondents from 144 organizations in the private and public sectors of the economy of Krasnoyarsk Krai, large state-owned companies lag significantly behind large private companies in terms of their participation in the implementation of national projects and the ESG agenda. The involvement of SMEs and NGOs is weaker, the main obstacles being a lack of resources, poor awareness of participation tools and a lack of understanding of the benefits of participation.

The article examines in detail the stages of the sanctions pressure on Russia in 2022–2024 and its impact on the Russian economy, while analyzing the logic of the evolution of the sanctions regime and the specifics of the countermeasures used by Russia. The author distinguishes three stages of modern sanctions pressure, differing in the nature and direction of restrictions. It is shown that the current modification of the sanctions regime, which has been implemented since the end of 2023, is characterized by a progressive increase in the speed of unwinding the “sanctions spiral” focused on combating the sanctions circumvention strategy used by Russia (including through the expansion of secondary sanctions and measures against the Russian “shadow” fleet) and an actual return to the policy of limiting the physical volume of Russian exports cause increased risks for the development of Russian economy and foreign trade in 2025.

The study is devoted to the analysis of trade and economic interaction between the Union State of Russia and Belarus (hereinafter referred to as the US of Russia and Belarus), the EAEU, and BRICS+. The purpose of the work is to analyze the trends in the development of economic cooperation within the US of Russia and Belarus –EAEU with the BRICS+ countries, to identify potential areas for the development of exports from Russia and the countries of these associations. To assess the trends in trade and economic relations within the Union State and the EAEU, trade intensity indices are used, which makes it possible to identify the most promising trading partners among the BRICS+ countries. The study also revealed the need to assess the potential and prospects for increasing exports from the US of Russia and Belarus and EAEU countries to the BRICS+ countries. To solve this problem, an assessment was made of the index of propensity to export from the US of Russia and Belarus and EAEU countries to the BRICS+ countries, which made it possible to identify the limits and means for implementing possible programs for coupling the development of the US of Russia and Belarus, EAEU format with the countries of the expanded BRICS+ format.