Distribution of European Spruce in Undergrowth of Mid-Boreal Spruce Stand

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Abstract

The distribution of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. undergrowth in three types of communities was studied: blueberry spruce forest with a relatively homogeneous tree composition, wood-sorrel-blueberry spruce forest with birch and aspen, and wood-sorrel-blueberry spruce forest with pine. Woody detritus as a microhabitat is represented not only by dead trunks and stumps (37 to 72 % of the undergrowth grows there), but also by the adjacent space (10—27 %), as well as by visually undetectable woody remains in the soil (1—11 %). In the blueberry spruce forest, the gaps occupy one third of the area with 46 % of the undergrowth, while the inter-crown zone occupies half of the area with 37 % of the undergrowth. The occurrence of the undergrowth is high in all zones (84, 73, 68 %), with clusters on dead wood (37 %) and in adjacent microhabitats (40 %). The density of undergrowth depends on the joint influence of factors — the highest values on deadwood in the gap space (1.0 specimen/m2), the average values — in the gap space near deadwood (0.6), in the inter-crown space on deadwood (0.5) and near it (0.5), as well as in the under-crown areas without deadwood (0.5), the lowest values — on “hidden” in the soil wood remnants (0.1—0.2). In wood-sorrel-blueberry spruce forest with aspen as part of the stand, the canopy organisation becomes more complicated, the undergrowth is almost evenly distributed across the canopy projection space categories with their ratio being 12:33:55 %. The maximum values of undergrowth occurrence and density are found on deadwood in the gap space (39 % and 0.7 pcs/m2), decreasing under the canopy (18 % and 0.3 pcs/m2). In wood-sorrel-blueberry spruce-pine forest the distribution of undergrowth is random: in all space categories the values of occurrence (31, 33, 30 %) and density (0.6, 0.5, 0.6 pcs/m2) are equally low, with the highest values of density found on deadwood under crowns (0.5 pcs/m2). Thus, the distribution of undergrowth in native middle taiga spruce forests is determined by a combination of factors: forest growing conditions, stand composition, diversity of microhabitats, including those formed by dead wood at different stages of decomposition.

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About the authors

А. V. Kikeeva

Forest Research Institute of the KarRC RAS

Author for correspondence.
Email: avkikeeva@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, 185910

I. V. Romashkin

Forest Research Institute of the KarRC RAS

Email: avkikeeva@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, 185910

A. M. Kryshen

Forest Research Institute of the KarRC RAS

Email: avkikeeva@mail.ru
Russian Federation, Pushkinskaya Str., 11, Petrozavodsk, 185910

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2. Fig. 1. Distribution of P. abies undergrowth by microhabitat types in three PPs. Abscissa axis – PP; ordinate axis – proportion of undergrowth, dimension – %.

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3. Fig. 2. Density of P. abies undergrowth in different microhabitats (1 — Flat, without CL; 2 — Microelevations not associated with CL; 3 — Microelevations formed by CL; 4 — “Hidden” part of CL; 5 — Zone of CL influence) and canopy projection zones on three PPs. The abscissa axis shows the type of microhabitat and the canopy projection zone; the ordinate axis shows the density of undergrowth, unit of measurement — pcs/m2. Different letters denote statistically significant differences between microhabitats (p ≤ 0.05).

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