Temperature Variations and an Urban “Heat Spot” Affect Seasonal Development of Woody Plants in the South of Primorsky Krai

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Abstract

The study demonstrates the influence of temperature variations, precipitation and the urban heat spot effect on the seasonal development of woody plants. Shifts in woody plants’ phenodates caused by temperature changes and associated with the urban heat island effect were determined. Synchronous phenological observations were carried out in 2019–2021 in the Ussuriysk forest district and the city of Ussuriysk (Primorsky Krai). According to the Timiryazevsky weather station, a significant trend of increasing average annual temperature was noted in the period from 2011 to 2023 at a rate of 0.15 ° С year-1. Comparison of the temperature regime in the city and in the forest confirms the presence of the urban heat spot effect. The difference in average monthly temperatures between the city and the forest fluctuated in the range of 0.2–2.5 ° С in 2019, and 0.1–1.9 ° С in 2020. The temperature in each month was higher in the city than in the forest. Differences in meteorological parameters of the forest and the city lead to a corresponding shift in the timing of the advancement of plants’ phenophases. Based on the results of comparison of the 8 species of woody plants’ phenological development in urban and forest conditions, it was found that on average the date of the phenological phases advancement in the city comes 5.2 days earlier, and for thermophilic southern species – 7.7 days earlier. Differences in the sums of temperatures required for the onset of a certain phase are within 1–80 ° С. Bird cherry is the best bioindicator of climate change in the conditions of Southern Primorye, as this is the species demonstrating the closest relationship between the sum of effective temperatures and spring phenological phases. Using published data of phenological observations in the study area, the average shift in phenodates in plants over 85 years was determined, which averaged 7 days. The duration of the growing season in Southern Primorye is determined by the average annual air temperature. A linear dependence was obtained, showing that with an increase in temperature by 1, the growing season is extended by 4.4 days, and this is primarily due to the shift in the beginning of the growing season to an earlier date.

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About the authors

A. A. Marchenko

Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy

Email: aleksandrgg86@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 44, Blyukher Ave., Ussuriysk, 692510

A. V. Ivanov

Institute of Geology and Natural Resources Management of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Far East Forestry Research Institute

Author for correspondence.
Email: aleksandrgg86@mail.ru
Russian Federation, 1, Relochniy All., Blagoveshchensk, 675011; 71, Volochaevskaya St., Khabarovsk, 680020

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Trend of increase in mean annual air temperature for the period 2011-2023 (based on data from the Timiryazevsky meteorological station (R2 - coefficient of determination, p - significance level)).

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3. Fig. 2. Diagrams of the spread of urban and forest monthly temperatures in 2019 (A) and 2020 (B). Rectangles show the range from the 25th to the 75th percentile of the data, black horizontal lines inside are medians, bars represent 1.5 interquartile range, and dots indicate ‘outliers’.

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4. Fig. 3. Sums of effective temperatures and precipitation on the dates of the beginning of six phenological phases of common bird cherry (1 - beginning of sap movement, 2 - bud swelling, 3 - bud opening, 4 - leaf unfolding, 5 - beginning of shoot growth, 6 - shoot wooding).

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5. Fig. 4. Dependence of vegetation period duration on mean annual air temperature for suburban forests of Ussuriysk (R2 - coefficient of determination, p - significance level).

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