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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Modern Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Modern Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современная онкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-1434</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1815-1442</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">88627</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/18151434.2021.3.200952</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL ONCOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ОНКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The phenomenon of pseudoprogression in cancer immunotherapy: is everything so unambiguous?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Феномен псевдопрогрессирования при иммунотерапии злокачественных новообразований: все ли так однозначно?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-6595</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarzhevskiy</surname><given-names>Vladislav O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саржевский</surname><given-names>Владислав Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф. каф. гематологии и клеточной терапии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-6264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnichenko</surname><given-names>Vladimir Ia.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельниченко</surname><given-names>Владимир Ярославович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. гематологии и клеточной терапии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7529-0047</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panshina</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паньшина</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department Head</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав. отд-нием противоопухолевой лекарственной терапии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5622-0828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mochkin</surname><given-names>Nikita E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мочкин</surname><given-names>Никита Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. гематологии и клеточной терапии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-9428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogatyrov</surname><given-names>Vladimir S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богатырев</surname><given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hematologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог отд-ния гематологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5376-6497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borshevetskaya</surname><given-names>Maria M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боршевецкая</surname><given-names>Мария Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>oncologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-онколог отд-ния противоопухолевой лекарственной терапии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-2592</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Elena G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Елена Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hematologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог отд-ния гематологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3697-6876</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bannikova</surname><given-names>Anna E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Банникова</surname><given-names>Анна Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hematologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог отд-ния гематологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-3869</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samoylova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самойлова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hematologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог отд-ния гематологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7296-9190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedova</surname><given-names>Aysel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедова</surname><given-names>Айсел Акиф кызы</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>hematologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-гематолог отд-ния гематологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5027-6932</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rukavitsin</surname><given-names>Anatolij A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рукавицын</surname><given-names>Анатолий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач-гематолог отд-ния гематологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0118-7383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilev</surname><given-names>Sergei S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильев</surname><given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>oncologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-онколог отд-ния противоопухолевой лекарственной терапии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2784-302X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bronov</surname><given-names>Oleg Iu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бронов</surname><given-names>Олег Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. отд-нием рентгенологии</p></bio><email>vladsar100@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медико-хирургический центр им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>496</fpage><lpage>500</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/88627">https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/88627</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>When evaluating the effect of therapy for malignant neoplasms with inhibitors of CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1, the phenomenon of pseudoprogression may occur. Pseudoprogression is an increase in the volume of tumor tissue due to immunocompetent cells (lymphocytes, macrophages) mobilized into the tumor focus under the action of immunotherapy. As the antitumor effect of lymphocytes and macrophages is realized, the tumor decreases or disappears over time. Pseudoprogression occurs with varying frequency in various types of cancer. It may also matter which immune checkpoint inhibitors is used to treat a solid tumor or lymphoproliferative disease. Currently, several immune-related response-evaluation criteria have been developed, which can help diagnose the phenomenon of pseudoprogression. But, unfortunately, none of these criteria clearly distinguish pseudoprogression from true tumor progression. In the case of an erroneous judgment about the effect of treatment, immunotherapy ends, and the patient may not get a chance for long-term remission. Using two clinical examples (immunotherapy for metastatic kidney cancer and recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma), the authors discuss the pitfalls of evaluating the effectiveness of treatment with checkpoint inhibitors.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>При оценке эффекта терапии злокачественных новообразований ингибиторами CTLA-4, PD-1 и PD-L1 может иметь место феномен псевдопрогрессирования. Под псевдопрогрессированием понимают транзиторное увеличение объема опухоли за счет ее инфильтрации активированными иммунокомпетентными клетками (лимфоцитами, макрофагами), мобилизованными в очаг опухоли действием иммунотерапии. По мере реализации противоопухолевого эффекта активированных лимфоцитов и макрофагов опухоль с течением времени уменьшается или исчезает. Псевдопрогрессирование встречается с разной частотой при различных злокачественных новообразованиях. Может иметь значение и то, какой из иммунопрепаратов используется для лечения солидной опухоли или лимфопролиферативного заболевания. В настоящее время разработано несколько систем оценки эффекта иммунотерапии, которые могут помочь диагностировать феномен псевдопрогрессирования. Но, к сожалению, ни одна из этих систем не позволяет на 100% быть уверенными в правильности проведения дифференциального диагноза между псевдопрогрессированием и истинным прогрессированием опухоли. В случае ошибочного суждения об истинном прогрессировании заболевания иммунотерапия заканчивается, и пациент может не получить шанс на длительную ремиссию. На двух клинических примерах (иммунотерапия при метастатическом раке почке и при рецидивирующей лимфоме Ходжкина) авторы обсуждают подводные камни оценки эффективности терапии ингибиторами контрольных точек.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>pseudoprogression</kwd><kwd>CTLA-4</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L1 inhibitors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>псевдопрогрессирование</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы CTLA-4</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Di Giacomo AM, Danielli R, Guidoboni M, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of ipilimumab, an anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, in patients with metastatic melanoma unresponsive to prior systemic treatments: clinical and immunological evidence from three patient cases. 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