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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Modern Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Modern Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современная онкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-1434</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1815-1442</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">705385</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/18151434.2026.2.203708</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Randomized clinical trials and real-world clinical practice data for HR positive/HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer: a critical analysis of the evidence base. A review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рандомизированные клинические исследования и данные реальной клинической практики при HR-положительном/HER2-негативном метастатическом раке молочной железы: критический анализ доказательной базы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0170-5681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Snegovoy</surname><given-names>Anton V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Снеговой</surname><given-names>Антон Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, зам. ген. дир. по образовательной и научной деятельности, рук. центра персонализированной онкологии ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии», проф. каф. онкологии фак-та дополнительного профессионального образования ФГБOУ ВО «Российский университет медицины»</p></bio><email>anvs2012@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7142-2986</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kononenko</surname><given-names>Inessa B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кононенко</surname><given-names>Инесса Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. лекарственного лечения опухолей</p></bio><email>anvs2012@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Radiological Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopatkin Scientific Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology – branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт урологии и интервенционной радиологии им. Н.А. Лопаткина – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-25"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/705385">https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/705385</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy have established themselves as the standard of care for the first-line treatment of hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. This subtype accounts for approximately 70% of all breast cancer cases. Clinical trials have demonstrated substantial progress in the management of this patient population: notably, the MONALEESA-3 trial reported a 5-year overall survival rate of 56.5% in patients receiving CDK4/6 inhibitors in the first-line setting. Conversely, registry data indicate that the population-based 5-year survival rate for metastatic disease remains at the level of 30–35%. Despite comparable improvements in progression-free survival across the clinical development programs of all three agents (PALOMA, MONALEESA, MONARCH), only ribociclib has consistently demonstrated a statistically and clinically significant overall survival benefit in all three key trials: MONALEESA-2, -3, and -7. The PALOMA program studies (palbociclib) failed to reach statistical significance for overall survival in any prespecified final analysis. Noteworthy is the fact that real-world evidence (RWE) data for palbociclib demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in overall survival in scenarios where randomized controlled trials (RCTs) did not show such an effect. This article provides a critical analysis of the methodological differences between RCTs and real-world studies, substantiating the primacy of RCTs as the gold standard of evidence-based medicine in oncology. It is demonstrated that the discrepancy between RCT and RWE results may be attributable to selection bias, unmeasured confounding, temporal biases including immortal time bias, as well as limitations in data quality and completeness inherent to studies based on real-world data. Statistical adjustment methods-such as propensity score matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting-can only account for factors that were measured and included in the model; thus, the influence of unmeasured or incompletely captured confounding factors (residual confounding) persists. Despite the substantial volume of RWE data for palbociclib, its evidentiary value remains limited. In a systematic review by N. Harbeck et al., the quality of many included observational studies, as assessed by the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS), varied and often did not exceed a moderate level, indicating a persistent risk of systematic bias. Regulatory authorities (FDA, EMA) continue to regard RCTs as the primary source of evidence for efficacy, assigning RWE a complementary rather than a substitutive role in assessment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ингибиторы циклин-зависимых киназ 4 и 6 (CDK4/6) в сочетании с эндокринной терапией – стандарт 1-й линии лечения гормонопозитивного (HR+), HER2-негативного метастатического рака молочной железы. Люминальный HER2-негативный подтип составляет около 70% всех случаев рака молочной железы. Клинические исследования демонстрируют значительный прогресс в лечении этой группы пациентов: так, в исследовании MONALEESA-3 показатель 5-летней общей выживаемости (ОВ) достиг 56,5% у пациентов, получающих iCDK4/6 в 1-й линии. При этом популяционный показатель 5-летней выживаемости при метастатическом процессе, по данным регистров, сохраняется на уровне 30–35%. Несмотря на сопоставимое улучшение выживаемости без прогрессирования, продемонстрированное в рамках исследовательских программ (PALOMA, MONALEESA, MONARCH) всех трех препаратов, только рибоциклиб последовательно продемонстрировал статистически и клинически значимое преимущество в ОВ в ключевых исследованиях MONALEESA-2, 3, 7. В исследованиях программы PALOMA (палбоциклиб) не получено статистически значимого улучшения ОВ ни в одном из предопределенных финальных анализов. Примечательно, что данные реальной клинической практики (РКП) по палбоциклибу демонстрируют статистически значимое улучшение ОВ в ситуациях, где в рандомизированных контролируемых исследованиях (РКИ) подобный эффект не показан. Настоящая статья представляет критический анализ методологических различий между РКИ и исследованиями РКП, обосновывая приоритет РКИ как «золотого стандарта» доказательной медицины в онкологии. Показано, что расхождение результатов РКИ и РКП может быть обусловлено систематической ошибкой отбора (selection bias), неучтенными искажающими факторами (unmeasured confounding), временными смещениями, включая смещение бессмертного времени (immortal time bias), а также ограниченным качеством и полнотой данных, характерными для исследований на основе РКП. Методы статистической коррекции – сопоставление по шкале склонности к лечению (propensity score matching) и взвешивание по обратной вероятности лечения (inverse probability weighting) – позволяют учесть только те факторы, которые измерены и включены в модель, поэтому влияние неучтенных или неполно учтенных смешивающих факторов (остаточного смешения – residual confounding) сохраняется. Несмотря на значительный объем данных РКП по палбоциклибу, их доказательная ценность остается ограниченной. В систематическом обзоре N. Harbeck и соавт. качество многих включенных наблюдательных исследований по шкале Newcastle–Ottawa (NOS) варьировало и нередко не превышало умеренного уровня, что указывает на сохраняющийся риск систематических ошибок. Регуляторные органы (FDA, EMA) продолжают рассматривать РКИ как основной источник доказательств эффективности, отводя РКП роль дополнительного, но не замещающего инструмента оценки.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CDK4/6 inhibitors</kwd><kwd>ribociclib</kwd><kwd>palbociclib</kwd><kwd>metastatic breast cancer</kwd><kwd>randomized controlled trials</kwd><kwd>real-world evidence</kwd><kwd>hierarchy of evidence</kwd><kwd>overall survival</kwd><kwd>evidence-based medicine</kwd><kwd>systematic bias</kwd><kwd>confounding</kwd><kwd>immortal time bias</kwd><kwd>propensity score matching</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ингибиторы CDK4/6</kwd><kwd>рибоциклиб</kwd><kwd>палбоциклиб</kwd><kwd>метастатический рак молочной железы</kwd><kwd>рандомизированные клинические исследования</kwd><kwd>данные реальной клинической практики</kwd><kwd>иерархия доказательств</kwd><kwd>общая выживаемость</kwd><kwd>доказательная медицина</kwd><kwd>систематические ошибки</kwd><kwd>конфаундинг</kwd><kwd>смещение бессмертного времени</kwd><kwd>шкала склонности к лечению</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hortobagyi GN, Stemmer SM, Burris HA, et al. 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