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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Modern Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Modern Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современная онкология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1815-1434</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1815-1442</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">60949</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/18151434.2021.3.200809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL ONCOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ОНКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The relationship of GITR, Lag-3 and PD-1 expression with the main indicators of systemic and local immunity in patients with breast cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Взаимосвязь экспрессии GITR, Lag-3 и PD-1 с основными показателями системного и локального иммунитета у больных раком молочной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1509-2206</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195612868</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">C-1865-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1233-6671</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabakov</surname><given-names>Dmitrii V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Табаков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, науч. сотр.</p></bio><email>dtabakov91@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-5699</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8628-9705</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabotina</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заботина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, зав. отд. клинико-лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>tatzabotina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7903-6417</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chanturia</surname><given-names>Naily V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чантурия</surname><given-names>Наили Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Graduate Student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант каф. онкологии</p></bio><email>naily.chanturia@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-6673</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9334-0459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, науч. сотр.</p></bio><email>zakharovaen@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorotnikov</surname><given-names>Igor K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воротников</surname><given-names>Игорь Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., вед. науч. сотр. хирургического отд-ния №15 (комбинированного лечения опухолей молочной железы)</p></bio><email>i.vorotnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6180-5569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Selchuk</surname><given-names>Vladimir Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сельчук</surname><given-names>Владимир Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. онкологии</p></bio><email>selvu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-2265</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolovskiy</surname><given-names>Victor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколовский</surname><given-names>Виктор Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент</p></bio><email>sokol.2012.vitya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7514-280X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5441-2747</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrovsky</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петровский</surname><given-names>Александр Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зам. дир. по образовательной деятельности, зав. хирургическим отд-нием №15 (комбинированного лечения опухолей молочной железы)</p></bio><email>alexpetrovsky@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>457</fpage><lpage>465</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-02-15"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/60949">https://modernonco.orscience.ru/1815-1434/article/view/60949</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>To enhance the antitumor immune response, new promising methods of immunotherapy are being developed. They consist in the blockade and activation of immune check-point molecules, in particular, the blockade of the Lag‐3 molecule (lymphocyte-activation gene 3) and the activation of the GITR receptor (Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor). In the studies of combined use with PD-1 blockers, encouraging results were obtained, which makes the assessment of the expression of Lag-3 and GITR on immunocompetent cells of peripheral blood (PB) and tumor tissue necessary for the personalization of such treatment and understanding of the mechanisms of the antitumor immune response.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The study included peripheral blood samples and surgical material from 39 breast cancer patients being treated at the Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology. The subpopulation composition and expression of PD-1, Lag-3, and GITR molecules were evaluated by flow cytometry.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>The analysis of the main populations of PB lymphocytes showed that in patients with breast cancer, the content of NKT-lymphocytes was increased, and the proportions of lymphocytes expressing CD11b and CD25 markers were increased compared to the donor group. It was revealed that the tumor tissue is dominated by T-cells, an increase in the proportion of which occurs due to a reduced content of NK-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. The structure of Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is dominated by subpopulations with immunosuppressive activity, which is indicated by a decrease in the content of CD11b+, CD25+ and perforin-positive cells, increased expression of Lag-3 and PD-1. For PB and tumor tissue, the average degree of dependence of Lag-3 expression on the content of PD-1<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes was shown. There is an increase in the content of immunosuppressive subpopulations with high PD-1 values in PB and TILs. The direct dependence of the number of perforin-containing lymphocytes and CD11b expression on the GITR content in the PB was established, but it is not typical for breast cancer tissue.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Since the blockade of the Lag-3 molecule by monoclonal antibodies can enhance the effect of anti-PD-1 therapy in cancer patients, it is necessary to evaluate the expression and co-expression of these two markers. A high content of GITR-positive lymphocytes in the tumor tissue, on the one hand, and a decrease in the proportion of effector subpopulations of lymphocytes, on the other, indicates the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the functioning of GITR-mediated activation of the immune response. Further investigation of GITR expression and functional activity is required to understand the nature of this contradiction.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Для усиления противоопухолевого иммунного ответа разрабатываются новые перспективные методы иммунотерапии, заключающиеся в блокаде и активации контрольных точек иммунитета, в частности блокада молекулы Lag-3 (lymphocyte‐activation gene 3) и активация рецептора GITR (Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor). При исследовании комбинированного применения с блокаторами молекулы PD-1 получены обнадеживающие результаты, что делает оценку экспрессии Lag-3 и GITR на иммунокомпетентных клетках периферической крови (ПК) и опухолевой ткани необходимой для персонализации такого лечения и понимания механизмов противоопухолевого иммунного ответа.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В исследование включены образцы периферической крови и операционный материал 39 больных раком молочной железы, находящихся на лечении в ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина». Оценку субпопуляционного состава и экспрессии молекул PD-1, Lag-3 и GITR проводили с помощью метода проточной цитометрии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Анализ основных популяций лимфоцитов ПК показал, что у больных РМЖ повышено содержание NKT-лимфоцитов, увеличена доля лимфоцитов, экспрессирующих маркеры CD11b и CD25, по сравнению с донорской группой. Выявлено, что в опухолевой ткани преобладают Т-клетки, увеличение доли которых происходит за счет уменьшенного содержания NK- и B-лимфоцитов. В структуре лимфоцитов, инфильтрующих опухоль, преобладают субпопуляции с иммуносупрессорной активностью, на что указывает снижение содержания CD11b+, CD25+ и перфоринпозитивных клеток, повышенная экспрессия Lag-3 и PD-1. Для ПК и опухолевой ткани показана средняя степень зависимости экспрессии Lag-3 от содержания PD-1<sup>+</sup> лимфоцитов, а также увеличение содержания иммуносупрессорных субпопуляций при высоких показателях PD-1. Установлена прямая зависимость количества перфоринсодержащих лимфоцитов и экспрессии CD11b от содержания GITR в ПК, что не характерно для опухолевой ткани рака молочной железы.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Поскольку блокада молекулы Lag-3 моноклональными антителами может усиливать эффект анти-PD-1-терапии онкологических больных, необходима оценка экспрессии и коэкспрессии этих двух маркеров. Высокое содержание в опухолевой ткани GITR-позитивных лимфоцитов, с одной стороны, и снижение доли эффекторных субпопуляций лимфоцитов, с другой, указывают на влияние микроокружения опухоли на функционирование GITR-опосредованной активации иммунного ответа. Для понимания природы такого противоречия требуется дальнейшее исследование экспрессии и функциональной активности GITR.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>flow cytometry</kwd><kwd>immune check-points</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>peripheral blood</kwd><kwd>tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>breast cancer</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd><kwd>контрольные точки иммунитета</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>периферическая кровь</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>инфильтрирующие опухоль</kwd><kwd>рак молочной железы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted within the framework of the scientific research "The optimization of the panel of molecular markers of immunocompetent cells (ICC) of local and systemic immunity as a measure of identifying reliable prognostic and predictive factors of the efficacy of antitumor therapy for personalized treatment of cancer patients" of the Ministry of Health of Russia, number AAAA-A19-119022090028-6.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено в рамках НИР «Оптимизация панели молекулярных маркеров иммунокомпетентных клеток (ИКК) системного и локального иммунитета как средства выявления надежных прогностических и предиктивных факторов эффективности противоопухолевой терапии для персонализации лечения онкологических больных» Минздрава России, номер AAAA-A19-119022090028-6.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Galon J, Bruni D. 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