<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Toxicological Review</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Toxicological Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологический вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717165</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2026-34-3-199-213</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">cajeay</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Preventive toxicology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Профилактическая токсикология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Approaches to the deactivation of cytostatic drugs: degradation, mineralization, and toxicological assessment (literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подходы к дезактивации цитостатических препаратов: деградация, минерализация и токсикологическая верификация (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khamidulina</surname><given-names>Khalidya Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хамидулина</surname><given-names>Халидя Хизбулаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Chief Researcher, Head of the Scientific Information and Analytical Center “Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances” of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, 121087, Russian Federation; Professor, Head of the Department of Hygiene, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, RF Ministry of Health, Moscow, 125993, Russian Federatione-mail: khalidiya@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, главный научный сотрудник; руководитель Научного информационно-аналитического центра РПОХБВ ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 121087, Москва, Россия; профессор, заведующая кафедрой гигиены ФГБОУ ДПО РМАНПО Минздрава России, 125993, Москва, Россияe-mail: khalidiya@yandex.ru</p></bio><email>khalidiya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarasova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарасова</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Senior Research, Deputy Head of the Scientific Information and Analytical Center “Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances” of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, 121087, Russian Federatione-mail: tarasova.ev@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат химических наук, старший научный сотрудник, зам. руководителя Научного информационно-аналитического центра РПОХБВ ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 121087, Москва, Россияe-mail: tarasova.ev@fncg.ru</p></bio><email>tarasova.ev@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurpedinov</surname><given-names>Kirill S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курпединов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Expert Chemist, Researcher of the Scientific Information and Analytical Center “Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances” of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, 121087, Russian Federatione-mail: kurpedinov.ks@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Химик-эксперт, научный сотрудник Научного информационно-аналитического центра РПОХБВ ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 121087, Москва, Россияe-mail: kurpedinov.ks@fncg.ru</p></bio><email>kurpedinov.ks@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarenko</surname><given-names>Andrey K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаренко</surname><given-names>Андрей Константинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Expert Chemist, Junior Researcher of the Scientific Information and Analytical Center “Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances” of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow, 121087, Russian Federatione-mail: Nazarenko.AK@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Химик-эксперт, младший научный сотрудник Научного информационно-аналитического центра РПОХБВ ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 121087, Москва, Россияe-mail: Nazarenko.AK@fncg.ru</p></bio><email>Nazarenko.AK@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Information and Analytical Center “Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances” of the F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научный информационно-аналитический центр «Российский регистр потенциально опасных химических и биологических веществ» ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, RF Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>199</fpage><lpage>213</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Khamidulina K.K., Tarasova E.V., Kurpedinov K.S., Nazarenko A.K.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Хамидулина Х.Х., Тарасова Е.В., Курпединов К.С., Назаренко А.К.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khamidulina K.K., Tarasova E.V., Kurpedinov K.S., Nazarenko A.K.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хамидулина Х.Х., Тарасова Е.В., Курпединов К.С., Назаренко А.К.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://modernonco.orscience.ru/0869-7922/article/view/717165">https://modernonco.orscience.ru/0869-7922/article/view/717165</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold><italic> Cytostatic drugs are widely used in oncology practice; however, their handling is associated with occupational and environmental exposure risks. In the Russian Federation, requirements for the management of medical waste generated during the use of cytostatic and other hazardous medicinal products are established by Federal Laws No. 52-FZ “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population”, No. 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste”, and No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Public Health Protection in the Russian Federation”, as well as by Sanitary Rules SanPiN 2.1.3684–21, which regulate sanitary and epidemiological requirements for waste management and provide for the need for its decontamination.</italic></p> <p><italic>At the same time, the current regulatory and methodological documents of the Russian Federation mainly regulate the organizational, sanitary and epidemiological aspects of handling such waste, but do not contain scientifically justified criteria for selecting deactivation methods and/or clear instructions depending on the chemical nature of the substances and their transformation products. This creates certain difficulties for practical services, control and supervisory authorities in implementing the provisions of the sanitary legislation of the Russian Federation.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>The purpose of the study </italic></bold><italic>was to summarize data on current approaches to the deactivation of cytostatic drugs, taking into account the assessment of their effectiveness, limitations, and the completeness of chemical-analytical and toxicological evidence confirming the absence of hazardous properties after degradation.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Materials and methods.</italic></bold><italic> A review of scientific publications, regulatory and methodological documents, international guidelines on the handling of hazardous medicinal products, and materials indexed in the open scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY.RU, RSCI and CyberLeninka was conducted. The analysis took into account the chemical nature of the drug, the deactivation method, the degree of degradation of the parent compound, data on the identification of transformation products, mineralization parameters, and the results of mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity assessments.</italic></p> <p><italic>Results. Cytostatic drugs represent a toxicologically significant group of drugs; some of their representatives adversely affect the endocrine system in humans and animals and are classified by the expert community as carcinogens, mutagens and reproductive toxicants of hazard category 1. At the same time, both Russian and international regulatory and methodological documents contain substantial gaps regarding their deactivation.</italic></p> <p><italic>Current approaches include oxidative, photochemical, photocatalytic and electrochemical methods, as well as complexation. The choice of an appropriate method is determined by the chemical structure of the parent compound, the composition of the matrix, treatment conditions and the properties of the resulting transformation products.</italic></p> <p><italic>Assessment of the effectiveness of an approach to the deactivation of medicinal products should include the following stages: selection of an appropriate degradation method, chemical-analytical assessment of the degree of parent compound degradation and identification of transformation products, assessment of mineralization degree, evaluation of the toxicity of degradation products, and interpretation of the results obtained.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Limitations.</italic></bold><italic> The study was limited to the analysis of open literature, regulatory, methodological and guidance sources. Closed industrial data, unpublished reports and original experimental verification of the effectiveness of deactivation methods were not included. Data comparability was limited by differences in matrix composition, cytostatic drug concentrations, treatment conditions and the completeness of chemical and toxicological assessment of transformation products.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Conclusion. </italic></bold><italic>Taking into account the widespread use of cytostatic drugs in medical practice, as well as their toxicity and hazard, including when present in waste, it appears appropriate to develop and incorporate into the regulatory and methodological framework of the Russian Federation documents, including methodological guidelines and guidance documents, that contain criteria for selecting appropriate deactivation methods, as well as lists of recommended methods, procedures and reagents.</italic></p> <p><bold>Authors’ contribution:</bold><italic> Khamidulina Kh.Kh.,Tarasova E.V.</italic> – concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; <italic>Kurpedinov K.S., Nazarenko A.K.</italic> – collecting and processing material, writing text, editing.</p> <p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold><italic> The authors declare no apparent and potential conflicts of interest in relation to the publication of this article. </italic></p> <p><bold>Funding.</bold><italic> The study had no sponsorship.</italic></p> <p>Received: March 20, 2026 / Accepted: June 1, 2026 / Published: June 30, 2026</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Введение. </italic></bold><italic>Цитостатические препараты широко применяются в онкологической практике, однако обращение с ними связано с риском профессионального и экологического воздействия. В Российской Федерации требования к обращению с медицинскими отходами, образующимися при применении цитостатических и иных опасных лекарственных препаратов, определяются Федеральными законами № 52-ФЗ «О санитарно-эпидемиологическом благополучии населения», № 89-ФЗ «Об отходах производства и потребления», № 323-ФЗ «Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации», а также санитарными правилами СанПиН 2.1.3684–21, регламентирующими санитарно-эпидемиологические требования к обращению с отходами и предусматривающими необходимость их обезвреживания. </italic></p> <p><italic>Вместе с тем, действующие нормативно-методические документы Российской Федерации регламентируют преимущественно организационные и санитарно-эпидемиологические аспекты обращения с такими отходами, но не содержат научно-обоснованных критериев выбора методов дезактивации и/или четких инструкций в зависимости от химической природы веществ и продуктов их трансформации, что создает определенные трудности у практических служб и контрольно-надзорных органов в реализации положений санитарного законодательства Российской Федерации. </italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Цель исследования –</italic></bold><italic> обобщить данные о современных подходах к дезактивации цитостатических препаратов с учетом оценки их эффективности, ограничений и полноты химико-аналитического и токсикологического подтверждения отсутствия опасных свойств после деградации.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold><italic> Проведён анализ научных публикаций, нормативно-методических документов, международных руководств по обращению с опасными лекарственными препаратами, а также данных открытых научных баз PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY.RU, РИНЦ и КиберЛенинка. При анализе учитывали химическую природу препарата, метод дезактивации, степень деградации исходного вещества, данные об идентификации продуктов трансформации, показатели минерализации, результаты оценки мутагенности, цитотоксичности и экотоксичности.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold><italic>Цитостатические препараты относятся к токсикологически значимой группе лекарственных средств, отдельные представители которой оказывают негативное воздействие на эндокринную систему человека и животных и/или отнесены экспертным сообществом к канцерогенам, мутагенам и репротоксикантам 1-го класса опасности. При этом как российские, так и международные нормативно-методические документы содержат существенные пробелы в вопросах их дезактивации. </italic></p> <p><italic>Современные подходы включают окислительные, фотохимические, фотокаталитические, электрохимические методы и комплексообразование. Выбор подходящего метода определяется химическим строением исходного вещества, составом матрицы, условиями воздействия и свойствами образующихся продуктов трансформации.</italic></p> <p><italic>Оценка эффективности подхода к дезактивации лекарственных препаратов должна включать следующие этапы: выбор подходящего метода деградации, химико-аналитическую оценку степени деградации исходного вещества и идентификацию продуктов трансформации, оценку степени минерализации, токсичности продуктов деградации, интерпретацию полученных результатов. </italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Ограничения исследования. </italic></bold><italic>Исследование ограничено анализом открытых литературных, нормативно-методических и руководящих источников. В работу не включали закрытые производственные данные, неопубликованные отчёты, а также собственную экспериментальную проверку эффективности методов дезактивации. Сопоставимость данных была ограничена различиями в составе матриц, концентрациях цитостатических препаратов, условиях обработки и полноте химико-токсикологической оценки продуктов трансформации.</italic></p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold><italic> Принимая во внимание широкое использование цитостатических препаратов в медицинской практике, их токсичность и опасность, в том числе в составе отходов, целесообразным является разработка и внедрение в нормативно-методическую базу Российской Федерации документов (методических указаний и руководств), содержащих критерии выбора надлежащих методов дезактивации, списки рекомендуемых методов, методик и реагентов.</italic></p> <p><bold>Участие авторов:</bold><italic> Хамидулина Х.Х., Тарасова Е.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей; Курпединов К.С., Назаренко А.К. – сбор и обработка материала, написание текста, редактирование.</italic></p> <p><bold>Конфликт интересов. </bold><italic>Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</italic></p> <p><bold>Финансирование. </bold><italic>Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</italic></p> <p><italic>Поступила в редакцию: 20 мая 2026 / Принята в печать: 01 июня 2026 / Опубликована: 30 июня 2026</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cytostatic drugs</kwd><kwd>chemical safety</kwd><kwd>deactivation</kwd><kwd>decontamination</kwd><kwd>degradation</kwd><kwd>toxicological verification</kwd><kwd>transformation products</kwd><kwd>medical waste</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цитостатические препараты</kwd><kwd>химическая безопасность</kwd><kwd>дезактивация</kwd><kwd>деконтаминация</kwd><kwd>деградация</kwd><kwd>токсикологическая верификация</kwd><kwd>продукты трансформации</kwd><kwd>медицинские отходы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Štenglová Netíková I.R., Petruželka L., Šťastný M., Štengl V. Safe decontamination of cytostatics from the nitrogen mustards family. Part one: cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2018; 13: 7971–85. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S159328</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Nakaishi M., Takeda K., Nishimura A., Kiriyama A., Shibata N. Decontamination efficacy of hypochlorous acid water on cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil residues. Asian Jour. Hosp. Phar. 2025; 5(4): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.38022/ajhp.v5i4.111</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Fernández L.A., Hernández C., Bataller M., Véliz E., López A., Ledea O., et al. Cyclophosphamide degradation by advanced oxidation processes. Water Environ. J. 2010; 24(3): 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2009.00169.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Lutterbeck C.A., Machado Ê.L., Kümmerer K. Photodegradation of the antineoplastic cyclophosphamide: A comparative study of the efficiencies of UV/H₂O₂, UV/Fe²+/H₂O₂ and UV/TiO₂ processes. Chemosphere. 2015; 120: 538–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.076</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lutterbeck C.A., Baginska E., Machado Ê.L., Kümmerer K. Removal of the anti-cancer drug methotrexate from water by advanced oxidation processes: Aerobic biodegradation and toxicity studies after treatment. Chemosphere. 2015; 141: 290–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lin H.H.H., Lin A.Y.C. Solar photo-Fenton oxidation of cytostatic drugs via Fe(III)-EDDS at circumneutral pH in an aqueous environment. J. Water Process Eng. 2021; 41: 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102066 https://elibrary.ru/wfjjyu</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lai W.W., Hsu M.H., Lin A.Y. The role of bicarbonate anions in methotrexate degradation via UV/TiO2: Mechanisms, reactivity and increased toxicity. Water Res. 2017; 112: 157–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Lin H.H., Lin A.Y. Photocatalytic oxidation of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide via UV/TiO2 in an aqueous environment. Water Res. 2014; 48: 559–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kanjal M.I., Muneer M., Abdelhaleem A., Chu W. Degradation of methotrexate by UV/peroxymonosulfate: Kinetics, effect of operational parameters and mechanism. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 2020; 28(10): 2658–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2020.05.033 https://elibrary.ru/jqigfm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Alinejad A., Akbari H., Ghaderpoori M., Jeihooni A.K., Adibzadeh A. Catalytic ozonation process using a MgO nanocatalyst to degrade methotrexate from aqueous solutions and cytotoxicity studies in human lung epithelial cells (A549) after treatment. RSC Adv. 2019; 9(15): 8204–14. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA00320G</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Ocampo-Pérez R., Sánchez-Polo M., Rivera-Utrilla J., Leyva-Ramos R. Degradation of antineoplastic cytarabine in aqueous phase by advanced oxidation processes based on ultraviolet radiation. Chem. Eng. J. 2010; 165: 581–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.076</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Siedlecka E.M., Ofiarska A., Fiszka-Borzyszkowska A., Białk-Bielińska A., Stepnowski P., Pieczyńska A. Cytostatic drug removal using electrochemical oxidation with BDD electrode: degradation pathway and toxicity. Water Res. 2018; 144: 235–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Meng X., Liu Z., Qian X., Tang Sh., Fang Ch., Niu Ju., et al. Enhanced degradation mechanism of anticancer drug irinotecan through low-frequency ultrasound assisted reactive electrochemical membrane. J. Clean. Prod. 2023; 383: 135419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135419 https://elibrary.ru/xumhdh</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dasari S., Tchounwou P.B. Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014; 740: 364–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sooriyaarachchi M., Gailer J., Dolgova N.V., Pickering I.J., George G.N. Chemical basis for the detoxification of cisplatin-derived hydrolysis products by sodium thiosulfate. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2016; 162: 69–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.06.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Brock P.R., Maibach R., Childs M., Rajput K., Roebuck D., Sullivan M.J., et al. Sodium thiosulfate for protection from cisplatin-induced hearing loss. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018; 378(25): 2376–85. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1801109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Benvenuto J.A., Connor T.H., Monteith D.K., Laidlaw J.L., Adams S.C., Matney T.S., et al. Degradation and inactivation of antitumor drugs. J. Pharm. Sci. 1993; 82(10): 988–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600821007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Lê L.M., Jolivot P.A., Sadou Yaye H., Rieutord A., Bellanger A., Pradeau D., et al. Effectiveness of cleaning of workplace cytotoxic surface. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 2013; 86(3): 333–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-012-0769-1 https://elibrary.ru/sjlmke</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Simon N., Guichard N., Odou P., Decaudin B., Bonnabry P., Fleury-Souverain S. Efficiency of four solutions in removing 23 conventional antineoplastic drugs from contaminated surfaces. PLoS One. 2020; 15(6): e0235131. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235131 https://elibrary.ru/oqgcrb</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Anastasi M., Rudaz S., Queruau Lamerie T., Odou P., Bonnabry P., Fleury-Souverain S. Efficacy of two cleaning solutions for the decontamination of 10 antineoplastic agents in the biosafety cabinets of a hospital pharmacy. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2015; 59(7): 895–908. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mev031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Queruau Lamerie T., Nussbaumer S., Décaudin B., Fleury-Souverain S., Goossens J.F., Bonnabry P., et al. Evaluation of decontamination efficacy of cleaning solutions on stainless steel and glass surfaces contaminated by 10 antineoplastic agents. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2013; 57(4): 456–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mes087</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Sciubba F., Spagnoli M., Iavicoli S., Asaro G., De Luca A., Guglielmi G., et al. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite in the degradation antineoplastic drugs by NMR spectroscopy. G. Ital. Med. Lav. Ergon. 2020; 42(2): 109–20. https://elibrary.ru/yiyadn</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hansel S., Castegnaro M., Sportouch M.H., De Méo M., Milhavet J.C., Laget M., et al. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents: cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and melphalan. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 1997; 69(2): 109–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050124</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Castegnaro M., Adams J., Armour M.A., Barek J., Benvenuto J., Confalonieri C., et al. IARC Scientific Publications № 73. Laboratory Decontamination and Destruction of Carcinogens in Laboratory Wastes: Some Antineoplastic Agents. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1985.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Lopes I.C., de Oliveira S.C.B., Oliveira-Brett A.M. Temozolomide chemical degradation to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide – electrochemical study. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2013; 704: 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Saravanan G., Ravikumar M., Jadhav M.J., Suryanarayana M.V., Someswararao N., Acharyulu P.V.R. A stability-indicating LC assay and degradation behavior of temozolomide drug substances. Chroma. 2007; 66(3): 291–4. https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-007-0306-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Murray V. 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide is a mutagen in E. coli. Mutat. Res. 1987; 190(2): 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7992(87)90037-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Barek J., Cvačka J., Zima J., de Méo M., Laget M., Michelon J., et al. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents: amsacrine, azathioprine, asparaginase and thiotepa. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1998; 42(4): 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(98)00023-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Dorr R.T., Soble M., Alberts D.S. Efficacy of sodium thiosulfate as a local antidote to mechlorethamine skin toxicity in the mouse. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1988; 22(4): 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00254235 https://elibrary.ru/tzgleo</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Lutterbeck C.A., Wilde M.L., Baginska E., Leder C., Machado Ê.L., Kümmerer K. Degradation of cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil by UV and simulated sunlight treatments: Assessment of the enhancement of the biodegradability and toxicity. Environ. Pollut. 2016; 208(Pt. B): 467–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Wren A.E., Melia C.D., Garner S.T., Denyer S.P. Decontamination methods for cytotoxic drugs. I. Use of a bioluminescent technique to monitor the inactivation of methotrexate with chlorine-based agents. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 1993; 18(2): 133–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.1993.tb00579.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Espinosa A., Nélieu S., Lieben P., Skarbek C., Labruère R., Benoit P. Photodegradation of methotrexate in aqueous solution: degradation kinetics and identification of transformation products. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2022; 29(4): 6060–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15820-3 https://elibrary.ru/smpqkb</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Koltsakidou A., Antonopoulou M., Evgenidou E., Konstantinou I., Lambropoulou D.A. Cytarabine degradation by simulated solar assisted photocatalysis using TiO2. Chem. Eng. J. 2017; 316: 823–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.132 https://elibrary.ru/yxggvj</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Jansen P.J., Smith W.K., Baertschi S.W., Dorman D.E., Kemp C.A.J., McCune K.A. Determination of the degradation chemistry of the antitumor agent pemetrexed disodium. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016; 105(11): 3256–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2016.06.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Anusha K., Sowjanya G. Development and validation of stability indicating RP-HPLC method and characterization of degradation products of anti-neoplastic agent by LCMS-MS. Int. J. Pharm. Qual. Assur. 2023; 14(4): 856–61. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.14.4.05</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Anliker S.L., McClure M.S., Britton T.C., Stephan E.A., Maple S.R., Cooke G.G. Degradation chemistry of gemcitabine hydrochloride, a new antitumor agent. J. Pharm. Sci. 1994; 83(5): 716–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600830524</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Singh R., Shakya A.K., Naik R., Shalan N. Stability-indicating HPLC determination of gemcitabine in pharmaceutical formulations. Int. J. Anal. Chem. 2015; 2015: 862592. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/862592</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Castegnaro M., De Méo M., Laget M., Michelon J., Garren L., Sportouch M.H., et al. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents. 2: Six anthracyclines: idarubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, aclarubicin, and daunorubicin. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 1997; 70(6): 378–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050232 https://elibrary.ru/awtxgt</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Lee S.G., Ambados F., Tkaczuk M., Jankewicz G. Paclitaxel exposure and its effective decontamination. J. Pharm. Pract. Res. 2009; 39(3): 181–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2055-2335.2009.tb00449.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Malleswara Reddy A., Banda N., Govind Dagdu S., Venugopala Rao D, Kocherlakota CS, Krishnamurthy V. Evaluation of the pharmaceutical quality of docetaxel injection using new stability indicating chromatographic methods for assay and impurities. Sci. Pharm. 2010; 78(2): 215–31. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0912-14</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Negreira N., Regueiro J., López de Alda M., Barceló D. Reactivity of vinca alkaloids during water chlorination processes: identification of their disinfection by-products by high-resolution quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ. 2016; 544: 635–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Karadaş Bakırhan N., Akmeşe B., Göver T., Imanzadeh H., Özkan S.A. Degradation studies and thermodynamic parameters in aqueous solution of chemotherapeutic agents: daunorubicin, doxorubicin and vincristine. J. Res. Pharm. 2019; 23(5): 822–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Chatzimpaloglou A., Christophoridis C., Fountoulakis I., Antonopoulou M., Vlastos D., Bais A., et al. Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of antineoplastic drug irinotecan. Kinetic study, identification of transformation products and toxicity evaluation. Chem. Eng. J. 2021; 405: 126866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126866 https://elibrary.ru/fbqxeg</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
