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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Toxicological Review</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Toxicological Review</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологический вестник</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-7922</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">717164</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0869-7922-2026-34-3-185-198</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">hthaea</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Preventive toxicology</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Профилактическая токсикология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Methodological approaches for studying the mechanisms of action and interpreting the effects of kappa-opioid receptor agonists (literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Методические приёмы изучения механизмов действия и интерпретации эффектов агонистов каппа-опиоидных рецепторов (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Subbotina</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Субботина</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biol. Sciences, senior researcher of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 195043, Russian Federatione-mail: ssubbotina@inbox.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник Федерального Государственного Бюджетного научно-исследовательского испытательного института военной медицины Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, 195043, Санкт-Петербург, Россияe-mail: ssubbotina@inbox.ru</p></bio><email>ssubbotina@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbinina</surname><given-names>Kseniya E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербинина</surname><given-names>Ксения Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory researcher of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 195043, Russian Federatione-mail: gniiivm_4@mil.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаборант-исследователь Федерального Государственного Бюджетного научно-исследовательского испытательного института военной медицины Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, 195043, Санкт-Петербург, Россияe-mail: gniiivm_4@mil.ru</p></bio><email>gniiivm_4@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforov</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифоров</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biol. Sciences, professor, leading researcher of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 195043, Russian Federatione-mail: gniiivm_4@mil.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник Федерального Государственного Бюджетного научно-исследовательского испытательного института военной медицины Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, 195043, Санкт-Петербург, Россияe-mail: gniiivm_4@mil.ru</p></bio><email>gniiivm_4@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>Михаил Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Med. Sciences, professor, head of the Scientific Research Testing center (biomedical protection) of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Testing Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, 195043, Russian Federatione-mail: gniiivm_4@mil.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, профессор, начальник научно-исследовательского испытательного центра (медико-биологической защиты) Федерального Государственного Бюджетного научно-исследовательского испытательного института военной медицины Министерства обороны Российской Федерации, 195043, Санкт-Петербург, Россияe-mail: gniiivm_4@mil.ru</p></bio><email>gniiivm_4@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research and Testing Institute of Military Medicine of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Государственный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт военной медицины» Министерства обороны Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-08-07"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Subbotina S.N., Shcherbinina K.E., Nikiforov A.S., Yudin M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Субботина С.Н., Щербинина К.Э., Никифоров А.С., Юдин М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Subbotina S.N., Shcherbinina K.E., Nikiforov A.S., Yudin M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Субботина С.Н., Щербинина К.Э., Никифоров А.С., Юдин М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://modernonco.orscience.ru/0869-7922/article/view/717164">https://modernonco.orscience.ru/0869-7922/article/view/717164</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>The search for new highly analgesic agents devoid of the side effects characteristic of the µ-opioid receptors agonists (drug dependence, respiratory depression, gastrointestinal disorders) is one of the priorities in the development of modern medicine. In this regard, selective k-opioid receptor agonists are of considerable interest, as they exhibit a pronounced analgesic effect comparable to that of µ-opioid receptor agonists. However, their widespread introduction into medical practice is limited by a high risk of affective disorders. In addition, the lack of a unified methodological approach to the assessing of side effects of k-opioid receptor agonists at the preclinical study stage leads to fragmented data and makes it difficult to form a reliable system for predicting their therapeutic potential and safety profile. </italic></p> <p><italic>The material for the analysis was the literature sources presented in the bibliographic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, RSCI and eLIBRARY.RU. </italic></p> <p><italic>The article discusses the results of domestic and foreign studies on methods for evaluating and interpreting the effects of compounds with k-opioid activity. The necessity of applying a comprehensive approach is demonstrated, including molecular and cellular modeling methods, studies on isolated tissues, preclinical investigations, and strictly regulated clinical trials. A flowchart reflecting the structure of the experimental study of the mechanism of action and pharmacological effects of k-opioid receptor agonists has been developed.</italic></p> <p><italic>The systematization of study strategies will improve the accuracy of assessing the therapeutic activity, tolerability and safety of compounds of this class, which will help to increase the prognostic significance of the data obtained, as well as reduce the complexity and duration of research.</italic></p> <p><bold>Author contribution:</bold><italic> Subbotina S.N.</italic> – the concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, text writing and editing; <italic>Shcherbinina K.E.</italic> – collection of material and data processing, text writing and editing; <italic>Nikiforov A.S.</italic> – editing, critical revision of the manuscript; <italic>Yudin M.A.</italic> – editing, approval of the final version of the article. <italic>All co-authors</italic> – responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p> <p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold><italic> The authors declare that there are no obvious and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.</italic></p> <p><bold>Funding.</bold><italic> The study had no sponsorship.</italic></p> <p>Received: November 25, 2025 / Revised: February 25, 2026 / Accepted: June 1, 2026 / Published: June 30, 2026</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Поиск новых высокоэффективных обезболивающих средств, лишённых побочных эффектов агонистов µ-опиоидных рецепторов (лекарственная зависимость, угнетение дыхания, расстройства желудочно-кишечного тракта), – одно из приоритетных направлений развития современной медицины. Большой интерес в этом плане представляют селективные агонисты к-опиоидных рецепторов, обладающие наравне с агонистами µ-опиоидных рецепторов выраженным обезболивающим эффектом. Однако их широкому внедрению в медицинскую практику препятствует высокий риск развития аффективных расстройств. Кроме того, отсутствие единого методического подхода к оценке побочных эффектов агонистов к-опиоидных рецепторов на этапе доклинического изучения влечёт за собой разрозненность данных и затрудняет формирование надёжной системы прогнозирования их терапевтического потенциала и профиля безопасности.</italic></p> <p><italic>Материалом для анализа послужили источники литературы, представленные в библиографических базах PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, РИНЦ и eLIBRARY.RU.</italic></p> <p><italic>В статье обсуждаются результаты отечественных и зарубежных исследований, посвящённых методам оценки и интерпретации эффектов соединений с к‑опиоидной активностью. Показана необходимость применения комплексного подхода, который включает методы молекулярного и клеточного моделирования, исследования на изолированных тканях, доклинические и строго регламентированные клинические испытания. Разработана блок-схема, отражающая структуру экспериментального изучения механизма действия и фармакологических эффектов агонистов к-опиоидных рецепторов. </italic></p> <p><italic>Систематизация стратегий изучения позволит повысить точность оценки терапевтической активности, переносимости и безопасности соединений данного класса, что, безусловно, будет способствовать повышению прогностической значимости получаемых данных, а также снизит трудоёмкость и продолжительность исследований.</italic></p> <p><bold>Участие авторов:</bold><italic> Субботина С.Н.</italic> – концепция и дизайн статьи, сбор материала и обработка данных, написание и редактирование текста; <italic>Щербинина К.Э.</italic> – сбор материала и обработка данных, написание и оформление текста статьи; <italic>Никифоров А.С.</italic> – редактирование, критический пересмотр рукописи; <italic>Юдин М.А.</italic> – редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи. <italic>Все соавторы</italic> – ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p> <p><bold>Конфликт интересов</bold><italic>. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</italic></p> <p><bold>Финансирование</bold><italic>. Исследование выполнено без финансовой поддержки.</italic></p> <p>Поступила в редакцию: 25 ноября 2025 / Поступила после исправления: 25 февраля 2026 / Принята в печать: 01 июня 2026 / Опубликована: 30 июня 2026</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>kappa-opioid receptor agonists</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>ex vivo</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd><kwd>research methods</kwd><kwd>efficacy</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>species specificity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>агонисты каппа-опиоидных рецепторов</kwd><kwd>методы исследования</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>ex viv</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd><kwd>эффективность</kwd><kwd>безопасность</kwd><kwd>видовая специфика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rice A.S., Smith B.H., Blyth F.M. Pain and the global burden of disease. 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