The Role of Coarse Woody Debris in the Survival of Soil Macrofauna in Metal-Contaminated Areas in the Middle Urals

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Soil macrofauna of three microstations was compared between background and contaminated areas: within decaying trunks of deciduous trees (linden, aspen) in the final stages of decomposition, beneath the trunks and outside the influence of the trunks (standard soil samples). The composition of macrofauna was analysed at two levels: (i) supraspecific taxa and (ii) species for several taxocenes (earthworms, centipedes, arachnids, ground beetles, click beetles, and mollusks). The study was conducted in the spruce-fir forests of the southern taiga, in the area affected by emissions from the Middle Ural Copper Smelter. At the level of supraspecific taxa, the composition of macrofauna differs little between decaying trunks and standard soil samples. At the species level, the difference between microsites depends on the specific taxocene: the species composition within decaying trunks either almost coincides with that of standard samples (mollusks), or is more specialized (click beetles), or is more diverse (centipedes, arachnids, ground beetles), or is reduced due to the loss of a specific ecological group (earthworms). The ordination of microsites based on the general list of species for the investigated taxocenes aligns with the ordination based on the composition of macrofauna at the supraspecific level. The total density and abundance of most groups of soil macrofauna are higher in trunks than in standard samples. In the background area, the difference is especially pronounced (2—6 times) for earthworms, harvestmen, lithobiids, herbivorous heteroptera, ground beetles, and chironomid larvae. In contaminated areas, the difference is even more substantial: for earthworms it is 70 times, for mollusks — 30 times, for heteroptera — 10 times, for lepidopteran larvae — 7 times, for spiders — 5 times, for diplopods — 4 times. The predominant habitation of soil macrofauna in decaying trunks within contaminated area may be associated with a significantly lower concentrations of potentially toxic metals in decomposing wood compared to forest litter: for Pb, the difference is 85 times, for Fe — 77 times, for Cu — 25 times, for Cd — 2.6 times, for Zn — 1.7 times. Thus, the negative impacts of pollution on soil macrofauna are less pronounced in decaying tree trunks than in standard soil samples.

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Sobre autores

E. Vorobeychik

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: ev@ipae.uran.ru
Rússia, 8 Mart St., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144

A. Ermakov

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: ev@ipae.uran.ru
Rússia, 8 Mart St., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144

M. Grebennikov

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: ev@ipae.uran.ru
Rússia, 8 Mart St., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144

D. Nesterkova

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: ev@ipae.uran.ru
Rússia, 8 Mart St., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144

M. Zolotarev

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: ev@ipae.uran.ru
Rússia, 8 Mart St., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144

A. Sozontov

Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: ev@ipae.uran.ru
Rússia, 8 Mart St., 202, Yekaterinburg, 620144

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2. Fig. 1. Effect size and 95% confidence intervals for a number of taxa: (a) - ratio of abundance in deadwood to abundance outside the trunk in the background and impact zones, (b) - ratio of abundance in the impact zone to abundance in the background zone in deadwood and outside the trunk.

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3. Fig. 2. Ordination of three microstations (deadwood, under the trunk, outside the trunk) in the background zone: (a) - by group composition of macrofauna, (b) - by species composition of several taxa (earthworms, molluscs, spiders, hayflies, millipedes, beetles, clickworms). The proportion of explained variance is in parentheses; the line indicates 95% ellipses.

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4. Fig. 3. Ordination of three microstations (deadwood, under the trunk, outside the trunk) in the impact zone: (a) - by group composition of macrofauna, (b) - by species composition of several taxa (earthworms, molluscs, spiders, hayflies, millipedes, beetles, clickworms). The proportion of explained variance is in parentheses, the line indicates 95% ellipses.

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5. Fig. 4. Ordination of two microstations (deadwood trunk, outside the trunk) in the background and impact zones: (a) - by group composition of macrofauna, (b) - by species composition of several taxa (earthworms, molluscs, spiders, hayflies, millipedes, beetles, clickworms). The proportion of explained variance is in parentheses, the line indicates 95% ellipses.

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6. Fig. 5. Hill profiles for the generalised species list: (a) - standard soil samples, (b) - trunk, (c) - under trunk.

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