Botanical JournalBotanical JournalБотанический журнал0006-81362658-6339The Russian Academy of Sciences69084510.31857/S0006813625070017hlobwpREVIEWSОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИResearch ArticleTrimonoecy in flowering plantsТриимоноэция у цветковых растенийGodinV. N.ГодинВ. Н.vn.godin@mpgu.suCentral Siberian Botanical Garden SB RASЦентральный сибирский ботанический сад СО РАН150720251107VOL 110, NO7 (2025)ТОМ 110, №7 (2025)61963321092025Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук2025Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://modernonco.orscience.ru/0006-8136/article/view/690845

Trimonoecious plant populations consist of individuals that have staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. Trimonoecy is very rare in angiosperms, and knowledge about it is extremely sparse. Based on literature data and personal research, a list of trimonoecious plants in the world flora has been compiled, which includes 73 species from 44 genera belonging to 29 families and 19 orders of angiosperms. Trimonoecy occurs in 6.9% of families, 0.3% of genera, and 0.025% of species in angiosperms. Trimonoecious species have not been identified in the group of basal angiosperms and magnoliids. The highest proportion of trimonoecious species occurs within the monocots: 20.0% of families, 0.7% of genera, and 0.05% of species, while the vast majority of trimonoecious plants (80.3% of all species) are found among the Superrosids (27 species) and Superasterids (32 species). Five families are particularly noted for having trimonoecious species: Apiaceae (16 species from 2 genera), Amaranthaceae (7 species from 3 genera), Cleomaceae (6 species from 2 genera), Commelinaceae (5 species from 1 genus), and Poaceae (4 species from 4 genera). Slightly less than half of all trimonoecious species belong to five genera: Heracleum L. (13 species), Aneilema R.Br. (5), Cleome L. (5), Amaranthus L. (4), and Lomatium Raf. (3). The relationship and possible correlation of trimonoecy with such biological and ecological characteristics as life form, mode of pollination, perianth color, pericarp consistency, presence of related monoecious taxa, geographical latitude of occurrence, and distribution along floristic phytochorions has been analyzed and is presented herein. The article ultimately discusses the dimensional differences in the perianths of the three flower types, pollen fertility and pollen productivity of perfect and staminate flowers, the location and ratio of perfect, staminate, and pistillate flowers on individuals, as well as the mechanisms of the origin and evolution of trimonoecy in angiosperms.

Популяции тримоноэцичных растений состоят из особей, образующих одновременно тычиночные, пестичные и обоеполые цветки. Тримоноэция очень редка у покрытосеменных растений, и сведения о ней крайне немногочисленны. На основе литературных данных и собственных исследований составлен список тримоноэцичных растений в рамках мировой флоры, который включает 73 вида из 44 родов, относящихся к 29 семействам и 19 порядкам цветковых растений. Тримоноэция встречается у 6.9% семейств, 0.3% родов и 0.025% видов покрытосеменных. Тримоноэцичные виды не выявлены в группе базальных покрытосеменных и магнолиид. Самая высокая доля тримоноэцичных видов характерна для однодольных растений: 20.0% семейств, 0.7% родов и 0.05% видов. Подавляющее большинство (80.3% всех видов) тримоноэцичных растений относятся к группам Superrosids (27 видов) и Superasterids (32 вида). Выявлено пять ведущих семейств по числу тримоноэцичных видов: Apiaceae (16 видов из 2 родов), Amaranthaceae (7 видов из 3 родов), Cleomaceae (6 видов из 2 родов), Commelinaceae (5 видов из 1 рода) и Poaceae (4 вида из 4 родов). Чуть меньше половины всех тримоноэцичных видов встречается в пяти родах: Heracleum L. (13 видов), Aneilema R.Br. (5), Cleome L. (5), Amaranthus L. (4), Lomatium Raf. (3). Проанализирована связь тримоноэции с такими биологическими и экологическими характеристиками, как жизненная форма, способ опыления, окраска околоцветника, консистенция околоплодника, наличие однодомных родственных таксонов, широтное расположение, распространение по флористическим фитохорионам. Обсуждаются размерные различия околоцветников трех типов цветков, фертильность пыльцы и пыльцевая продуктивность обоеполых и тычиночных цветков, расположение и соотношение обоеполых, тычиночных и пестичных цветков у особей, а также механизмы возникновения и эволюции тримоноэции у цветковых растений.

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